The impact of pesticides on human health and natural ecosystems is what Carson began to assemble data about. In employing chemical pesticides, Carson argued for much greater sensitivity and care to the environment. As a preferable alternative for pest control, Carson further urged natural biotic agents. As cancer and other ailments took their toll, Carson's health deteriorated while her mother died in 1958. In 1962 the book Silent Spring was published. However, it provoked a lot of criticism. Rachel Carson was born in 1907 and never married. Since Carson called into question the idea of science as progress, she evoked a huge backlash.

April 20

Rachel Carson was an author who's childhood interest in nature led to a career as a marine biologist with the U.S. While penning three books on the ecology of the sea, she was also finding her voice as a writer. Her confidence in the fact that nature was immune to human action has been shook by the dramatic bombings in 1945 of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The assumption that for human welfare, science always held positive outcomes began to be questioned by Rachel Carson. The environment introduced pesticides and other toxins, which caused the skepticism of science always having positive outcomes for human welfare to take shape in the name of progress. Silent Spring was a project that Carson took on due to the death of birds in her friend's yard following aerial spraying for mosquito control.

April 19

In many major cities, a pall of air pollution was created by the global spread of modern industry. Face masks were frequently worn by traffic police in Tokyo during the 1970s. It was estimated in 2002 that 35,000 people in Mexico City were killed from air pollution. By the late 1980s, about half of the Soviet Union's rivers were severely polluted from industrial pollution. The earth is protected by the ozone layer from excessive ultraviolet radiation. Global warming was the most intractable and critical environmental transformation. The atmosphere had begun to be warmed significantly due to the vastly increased burning of fossil fuels, which occurred by the end of the twentieth century.

April 18

The energy resources available to our species was added to by natural gas, hydroelectricity, and nuclear power. The production of goods and services was immensely increased by modern science and technology. The natural order was always altered by human activity, but now the scale of that impact assumed geological and global proportions. The doubling of cropland was led to by the growing consumption of the rich and the growing numbers of the poor, which also led to dramatic increases in the rate of erosion. At the hands of humankind, massive species extinctions is happening. In environments shaped by human action is where 90 percent of all plant activity now occurs.

April 17

Humankind's growing ability to alter the natural order has been the most pronounced out of all distinctive features of the twentieth century. The Anthropocene or the Age of Man is what scientists began to refer to the current era as. The lasting impact of human activity on the planet is what this informal term has called attention to. In 2012, the world was left with over 7 billion people, in comparison to 1900 when the world had about 1.6 billion people. Death rates and Green Revolution technologies were lowered by medical and sanitation advances. The new ability of humankind to tap the energy potential of fossil fuels lay in a second cause of environmental stress. This led to oil in the twentieth century and coal in the nineteenth.

April 15

Religious practice and belief declined sharply in Britain, the Netherlands, France, and the Soviet Union. Those trends that involved the further spread of major world religions were the far more prominent trends of the last century. In this most recent century, religion played an unexpectedly role. As transregional cultures Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam have been spreading far beyond their places of origin. In the West, Buddhist ideas and practices such as yoga and meditation found a warm reception. Perhaps 7 to 8 percent of China's population claimed allegiance to the faith; some 84 to 96 million people did so by the end of the twentieth century. Asia, Latin America, and Africa is where by the early twenty-first century, Christianity found some 62 percent of its adherents. A certain religion was planted solidly in the West by millions of migrants from the Islamic world. In the United States, both African Americans and European Americans engaged in Islamic practice.

April 10

From a value of some $57 billion in 1947, world trade skyrocketed to about $16 trillion in 2009. Goods from every part of the globe were stocked in shelves of department stores and supermarkets around the world. In more than 100 countries, twinings of London marketed its 120 blends of tea, and in 180 countries the Australian based Kiwi shoe polish was sold. Components from China were reportedly included in about 70  percent of Walmart products in 2005. With manufacturing facilities in at least eighteen countries, Toyota replaced General Motors as the world's largest automaker the following year. In developing countries, tax breaks, cheap labor, and looser environments were taken advantage of from companies in rich counties after 1960.

April 8

The acceleration of economic was contributed to by technology. The communication infrastructure for global economic interaction was provided for by fiber-optic cables and the Internet. Population growth further fueled globalization in the developing countries as dozens of new nations entered the world economy. Neoliberalism is known as economic globalization taking shape in the 1970s and after. If poor countries were to qualify for much-needed loans, free market and pro-business conditions were imposed by powerful international lending agencies. Such unrestricted global capitalism was furthered by the collapse of state-controlled economies of the communist world. By the end of the twentieth century, communism collapsed.

April 7

Two Iranian Muslim dolls named Sara and Dara, were made by Masoumeh Rahimi to counteract the negative influence of Barbie and Ken. While looking to their loving parents for guidance, Sara and Dara helped each other solve problems. The creation of Sara and Dara portrays resistance to the cultural values associated with Barbie and Ken. Both Sara and Barbie were manufactured in China. By the 1990s, globalization was known as a process of accelerating engagement among distant peoples. After World War II, global interaction quickened its pace and deepened its impact. What occurred in the second half of the twentieth century is globalization, and it continued into the twenty-first century. This process has been seen by many as practically unstoppable, almost natural, and certainly inevitable. As many states turned inward, investment, international trade, and labor migration dropped sharply. The foundation for postwar globalization was laid by a set of agreements and institutions in 1944 at a conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.

April 6

Within the Muslim world, Islamic faith and justice demand that anti-Islamic governments not be allowed to survive. Any nonreligious power is considered to be an atheistic power, which is the tool of Satan. All governments that do not rest purely on Islamic principles must be overthrown. Carrying the Islamic political revolution to its final victory is the duty of all Muslim countries, and of all Muslims in the world. Religious schools within Muslim countries have been created by western missionaries carrying out secret plans drawn up centuries ago. Such missionaries tried to turn Muslim children into Christians or atheists. The Jewish people are at the source of all anti-Islamic libels and intrigues current today.

The hat, also known as the customary headdress of the whole civilized world, showed that no difference existed in the manner of thought between the Turkish nation and the civilized mankind. In 1979 an Islamic revolution in Iran brought to power a government committed to Islamization of public life. That revolution had been led and inspired by an Iranian religious scholar named Ayatollah Khomeini. Ayatollah Khomeini was the supreme leader of Iran during the 1980s. Those who fight against colonialism are in the school of Islam.

April 5

After World War 1 modern Turkey emerged from the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Ataturk explained and justified certain policies regarding the removal of Islam from any significant role in public life in a speech he delivered in 1927. Such a speech went against much of Islamic thinking. Ottoman rulers wanted to lead and govern the entire Islamic world in one dafter uniting it. A state must be compelled to act justly and impartially toward all of the different religions. Respecting freedom of conscience and opinion is its obligation. Freedom of religious opinion is included in the Muslim religion. Breaking Islam into ruins, the party of Mustapha Kemal will make Islam's citizens into unbelievers after having abolished the Caliphate.

The struggle for independence of decolonization caused nation-states to triumph over the empires that had structured much of the world's political life throughout the early twentieth and nineteenth centuries. It mobilized millions of people, sometimes thrusting them into violence and warfare. As permanent features of the world's political landscape, European colonial empires in Asia and Africa appeared in 1900. The age of African independence took place from mid-1950s through mid-1970s as more than fifty colonies emerged into the bright light of freedom.

April 3

Nelson Mandela, South Africa's nationalist leader, tried to overthrow the apartheid government of his country in 1964. He spent the next twenty-seven years in prison. He was permitted to write and receive one letter every six months, and to have one visitor a year for thirty minutes. He was released from prison in 1990, when he concluded his first speech as a free person. Blacks and whites were able to vote for the first time in 1994, when South Africa held its election. Mandela was South Africa's first black African president due to the outcome of that election.

April 1

Joseph Stalin was born in Georgia in 1878 with a brutal and abusive father. Stalin joined the Bolsheviks, who were led by Lenin. In 1917, he also played a modest role in the Russian Revolution. Stalin rose to the dominant position in the Communist Party after Lenin's death in 1924. Stalin appeared and gave a report on the achievements of the country's plan for overall development in January 1933. That plan took place from 1928-1932, which was when Stalin would rise to the position of supreme leader of the Soviet Union.

March 30

The abandonment of communist principles everywhere or the collapse of communist regimes have been witnessed during the last two decades of the twentieth century. In nineteenth-century European socialism, Karl Marx inspired the teachings of modern communism. European socialists who defined themselves as communists in the twentieth century advocated uncompromising revolution as the only possible route to a socialist future. The first country to experience such a revolution was Russia. Communist is what other movements that allied with the Soviet Union defined themselves as. By the 1970's, communist regimes governed about one-third of the world's population.While the Soviet Union was the world's largest country in size, China was the world's largest country in population.

March 28

A communist system promised equality and abundance for all; however, it delivered a dismal and uncertain economic life for many and great privileges for the few. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and another event that occurred was the end of communism. In the Twentieth Century, communism was a phenomenon of enormous significance. In the tumultuous wake of revolution, war, or both communist regimes came to power almost everywhere.Particularly during the decades of the cold war, world communism posed as a military and political/ideological threat to the Western world of democracy and capitalism. This prompted a global rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States for influence in the Global South.

Pope Pius XI's counsel to resist needless centralization echoes to when many people recognize the drawbacks and inefficiencies of large-scale government. Overly intrusive government lowers the amount of incentives for beneficial self-help. People should respect local institutions, from voluntary associations to families. National governments take place when citizens join their efforts together to accomplish important goals that could not happen on local levels. The proper circumstances that justify government action have been recognized by political philosophers, public officeholders, and other observers. The principle of subsidiarity includes the fact that people should neither be addicted nor allergic to state intervention. Government is not always the problem or solution to social problems.

Pope Pius XI suggests that there are many occasions when larger bodies "make a real and indispensable contribution to local efforts" (Massaro, 90). In American government, this refers to state or federal assistance which supplements the efforts of municipalities, countries, and towns. The only effective means of attaining resources needed for immense and complex tasks is large-scale efforts of national governments. Without a centralized government, national defense, parks system for preserving wildlife, and many other desirable resources would not be possible.

March 27

The proper division of labor among human institutions is what Pius XI's message is about. The more one governs, the better the guide to real-life situations as people are relying on government action. The principle of subsidiarity respects the natural groupings that people form with their neighbors. Pope Pius XI specifically mentions both geographical and vocational groupings among human associations that should exercise autonomy rightfully where possible. Without a centralized government, the national defense, a parks system for preserving wildlife, and other desirable resources would not be possible. Pope Pius XI lived in an age of totalitarianism, where there were threats of fascism, and communism.

March 26

Family ties were once more simple than they are now. Huge contributions can be made to the health of millions of families by wise public policies. Family-friendly economic policies are adopted more far ahead in certain nations, particularly Western Europe, than in the United States, and such nations guarantee necessary resources to struggling families. Any compassionate society views among the highest priorities on its policy agenda the health of family life. Subsidiarity has an original Latin meaning as assistance. Subsidiarity as a term was coined by Pope Pius XI. Proper division of labor among human institutions is what Pius XI's message is about.

March 25

While mating or breeding, the stronger must not blend with the weaker, thus dominating and sacrificing his own greatness. Those who are weak, sickly, or less determined succumb in the struggle for daily bread. Since the originally creative race died out from blood poisoning, all great cultures of the past perished. Those who want to live must fight, for those who do not want to fight do not deserve to live. Aryan was the founder of all higher humanity; he represented the prototype of all we understand by the word "man." All who are chaff in this world are not of good race. The foundations of a Jew's intellectual work were always provided by others.

March 24

The ideologies of the Axis power shared a repudiation of mainstream Western democracy and liberalism. Hitler was  in Austria and absorbed a radical form of German nationalism. The German Workers Party was a very small extremist group that Hitler joined in 1919. In 1923, Hitler was arrested and imprisoned for launching an unsuccessful armed uprising in Munich. The leadership of Germany was assumed by Hitler in 1933.

Since 1500, an increasingly prominent position on the global stage had been assumed by Europe. The world's other peoples by 1900, were controlled by Europeans through their formal empires, informal influence, or the weight of their numbers. Thus the Europeans' self-confidence, pride, and sense of superiority was provided by its foundation. A long-standing feature of European political life was formed by the most obvious division among its competing states. Around 1870, Germany and Italy "joined their fragmented territories into two major new powers" (Strayer, 982). Therefore, historical rivalries among European countries were further sharpened. Germany's arrival on the international scene created a disruptive new element in European political life. This was especially true for Britain, France, and Russia.

Improvements in sanitation and medicine drove down death rates and spurred population growth. There was a World War I veteran who died at the age of 109 in Scotland in November 2005 who's name was Alfred Anderson. Of the Christmas truce of 1914 he was the last survivor, when British and German soldiers mingled, exchanged gifts, and played football. His own unit, the Black Watch regiment, was ordered into Iraq in 2003 with other British forces. World War I, which effectively launched the twentieth century, provoked the Russian Revolution and the beginnings of world communism. This event was followed by the Great Depression, the Holocaust, and World War II. During those three decades Western Europe largely self-destructed. Western civilization had damaged itself beyond repair by 1945. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers. After 1945, Europe lost "its overseas colonial possessions and its position as the political, economic, and military core of Western civilization" (Strayer, 982). This means that what once was a strong country or continent became weaker due to the aftermath of World War II. The role Europe once had was passed to the United States.

March 23

The terrible conflict of World War I lead to the Russian Revolution and the beginning of world communism. The most recent period of world history has probably ended with the Soviet Union collapsing in 1991, and with the attacks of September 11, 2001. European rivalries around the globe have been going on for centuries. The Russian and Chinese revolutions were the first large-scale attempts in modern world history to create a new and global division of humankind. Feminism became global in the twentieth century, and challenged women's subordination more extensively than ever before. Explosive population growth lead to human numbers more than quadrupling since 1900, thus the planet had about seven billion people by 2011.

States that clung to the past perished while states which undertook reforms became stronger. Change leads to people preserving themselves, while not being able to change causes people to perish. The purpose of preserving one's territory comes from institutions. Attempting a forward march by walking backward is as effective as a reform. Mencius is a famous Confucian writer who composed an example of loving the people. Both Japan's reforms and its religions and customs are somewhat similar to that of the United States. China could not effectively modernize because its examination system represented everything conservative, backward, and out of date. China's ancient examination system was abolished in 1905.

March 20

In a war, Japan faced a decisive military defeat in 1894 - 1895. This represented for a small country under the central influence of China a further humiliation. Widespread poverty among its peasant population was also occurring in China. The Boxer Uprising which took place from 1898 - 1901 represented the issues of foreign imperialism and peasant rebellion. The Boxer Rebellion disclosed the depth of feeling against imperialism. Foreign occupation of Beijing and China's government's large reparation payments were the outcome of the Boxer Rebellion. In the aftermath of China's defeat by Japan, one leading advocate of reform was Kang Youwei. Kang Youwei was a Confucian scholar, whose views informed others in China of the Hundred Days of Reform in 1898.

March 18

In 1853, Taiping forces established their capital in Nanjing. Provincial military leaders crushed the rebel forces in the end by mobilizing their own armies. China's economy was seriously disrupted and weakened by the devastation and destruction of the massive civil war. The number of lives lost estimates in range from 20 to 30 million. It took more than a decade for China to recover from the war's devastation. Opium was used as a drinkable medicine derived from Arab traders during the eighth century or earlier, and was regarded as a magical cure for dysentery. The British persistent trade imbalance with China was covered when they began to use opium.

March 16

The central state of China lost power to local gentry and provincial officials. Harsh treatment of peasants were common among such officials. Opposition to the Qing Dynasty was expressed because of its foreign Manchu origins. A man named Hong Xiuquan who sent to cleanse the world of demons proclaimed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus. Plans for transforming China into an industrial nation were developed by Hong Rengan. During the uprising, Hakka women fought as soldiers in their own regiments. Women and men were promised equal shares of land by the Hakka women's land reform program. The thing that was promoted as a basis for marriage is mutual attraction.

March 14

China was wrecked by peasant rebellion and population growth.  The stability of Japanese public life was eroded by internal social and economic changes. The Islamic World's great empires shrank or disappeared. Latin American societies were troubled by rivalry among competing elites. The activities of European missionaries and merchants were strictly limited and controlled by Chinese authorities. American food crops and China's robust economy enabled substantial population growth, from about 100 million people to some 430 million. This difference occurred between 1685 and 1853. The wealth and resources derived from Europe's overseas empires generated more than China's internal expansion to the west and south. As a result, China faced unemployment, impoverishment, starvation and misery.

March 13

The promise of great wealth was held in a continent which Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Portugal, and Italy all sought to get a piece of. Interest in acquiring territory and ruling large populations in Africa was not shown by Europeans until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. A British missionary and explorer of central Africa named David Livingstone had work that exposed the horrors of the Arab slave trade. The British who lived in Egypt enforced a law "that no major European power should be allowed to control the headwaters of the Nile" (Strayer, 924). For more than eighteen months, Jean-Baptiste Marchand led his troops across much of Africa. A British-born businessman and politician named Cecil Rhodes made a fortune in South African diamonds. He also became an enthusiastic advocate of British imperialism.

March 11

Imperialism became broadly popular in Europe because of the growth of mass nationalism. In 1869 steam-driven ships which moved through the Suez Canal were completed, which allowed Europeans to reach Asian and African ports in a faster manner and to penetrate interior rivers. As quinine was discovered, malaria was prevented and European deaths in the tropics were reduced. In Europe, religious superiority was replaced by or fused with a secular arrogance. African societies were demoted in the nineteenth-century by Europeans and were viewed as tribes led by chiefs. The prestige and apparatus of science were increasingly used by Europeans to support their racial preferences and prejudices. Moral development, destiny, and human intelligence were determined by race.

March 10

For both political and sexual reasons, the Europeans maintained distinction and distance between whites and blacks. The colonial era was experienced differently by men and women. The need for agricultural products and extensive raw materials was created by the huge productivity of industrial technology and Europe's growing affluence. More manufactured goods were produced from industrial capitalism than the amount of people in Europe who could afford to buy. Often, European investors "found it more profitable to invest their money abroad than at home" (Strayer, 880). Half of Britain's savings were sent overseas as foreign investment between 1910 and 1913. Europe's factories were kept humming and its workers employed due to the social benefits of the foreign markets.

Feb 18

Existing misery, much of it is caused by selfishness. Regarded as the summum bonum are high profits. An immense proportion of the poorer classes remain entirely uncivilized. The poorer classes debase themselves by the vices that accompany civilization. However, they make no use of its advantages and benefits. Human ignorance and self-indulgence is the result of misery. Misery is most commonly the result of individual vice and improvidence. Education will help the working class to use their means of comfortable living.

Feb 17

To reduce the hours of labor to ten, the value of one's mill and machinery would have to be reduced. By the early 1860s, a group of artisans owed in part to a smaller amount in the fashion of wearing silk ribbons. Larger manufacturers who organized more efficient production in factories had looms that many individual weavers had to sell. A weaver has a weary manner and shuffling feet. A weaver has a face that tells of care and grief. He has a saddened heart and aching bones. A weaver is just an inconsistent man, who does not understand the commercial plan. If a man is wanted his wages may be high. If he is not wanted, he may starve and die. One of the richest countries in the world is England. An accumulation of wealth in the country exists. The empire never consisted of more food or money. However, there is a huge mass of poverty. Certain portions of the working population have endured miseries. Therefore the Haves and Have-nots stand at the two extremes of the social scale. Haves are rich people while have-nots are those that are poor. I learned this in a show I was in called "Urinetown."

Feb 15

The Industrial Revolution's impact unfolded gradually and varied greatly among men, women, and children. The early Industrial Revolution represented a transformation in the organization of work, mostly expressed in the factory. The factory assigned workers highly specialized and repetitive tasks. Workers' lives were regulated according to clock time. Workers depended on receiving an uncertain amount of income their economic survival. In 1833, for women and children, legislation limited the hours of employment. Elizabeth Bentley was only six years old when she began working at the factory. She was a little doffer, so she cleaned the machines. When she worked regular hours as opposed to being extra busy, Elizabeth Bentley worked for 13 hours! When the factory was busy, she worked "from 5 in the morning till 9 at night" (Strayer, 863). That's a lot of hours, especially for a six year old child! If someone was late or flagged a little, they would get strapped, which means severely beaten. The meals they had consisted of a forty minute break in the afternoon. Elizabeth Bentley was never beaten for being late; however, the boys were.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton made the rights of women well-known and eloquently appealing. She urged to allow women the right to vote. The strongest reason for allowing woman to have all the opportunities for higher education is for the solitude and personal responsibility of her own individual life. The strongest reason for asking woman for a voice in the government, or religion is because as an individual, she must rely on herself. Women and men need the same preparation for eternity and time, for their responsibilities of life are equal, and their destiny is the same. In the supreme moments of a woman's life, a man cannot bear her burdens. The French Revolution lasted from 1789 to 1815. By 1792 the French Revolution became far more radical and violent. In 1799 the French Revolution culminated in a seizure of power by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Feb 9

Frederick Douglass escaped from being a slave to become a leading abolitionist, newspaper publisher, writer, and African American spokesperson. He was born a slave in 1818. The great sin and shame of America is everything that serves to perpetuate slavery. Now, there is no nation that can shut itself up from the surrounding world. Empires and walled cities became unfashionable. The gates of the strong city have been borne away by the arm of commerce. After being expressed on one side of the Atlantic, thoughts are distinctly heard on the other side.

Purely passive is what "the posture of those who dwell in the American hemisphere" (Strayer, 815) has been. This states that people in the American hemisphere have been purely passive with their posture. At a level lower than servitude we have hindered ourselves from elevating to the enjoyment of freedom. Americans occupy the positions in society as servants or simple consumers. Relative to the science of government and administration of the state, we have been absent from the universe. A struggle for emancipation is what the American provinces are involved in. They will eventually succeed. A federation of different states that will eventually emerge should be overseen by a single government. 

Feb 8

For having an opinion, no individual shall be disturbed. One of the most special rights of man is the free communication of opinions and thoughts. Therefore speaking, writing, and printing freely is a right that every citizen has. Public powers are required for the safeguard of the rights of man and citizen. Common taxation is indispensable and should be apportioned equally with all citizens according to the capacity they have to pay. Simon Bolivar's dream of a federation was failed by his struggles.

Feb 7

Human rights were viewed as both natural and universal. These rights were envisioned as being the same for everybody. Prior to the late eighteenth century, the understanding of rights challenged nearly all notions of government and society. What was highly controversial was the idea of human rights. Both the French document and the U.S. Declaration of Independence drew ideas from the European Enlightenment. The sole causes of public misfortunes were the ignorance, contempt, or neglect of the rights of man. In rights, men remain free and are born. In the nation, what rests is the principle of all sovereignty. Actions that are injurious to society are prohibited by the law. All public dignities, offices, and employments are equally admissible with all citizens. Only in cases determined by the law may a man be indicated, detained, or arrested.

Feb 4

Universal male suffrage was granted by 1914, as Western Europe, the United States, and Argentina enlarged their voting publics. The end of slavery was sought by abolitionists,  unity and independence from foreign rule was hopefully fostered by nationalists, and male dominance was challenged by feminists. From roughly 1780 to 1890 slavery lost its legitimacy and was largely ended. For economic progress, slavery was not essential. England and New England were based on free labor, and they were among the most prosperous regions of the Western world during the early nineteenth century. 'In the new era of industrial technology and capitalism," (Strayer, 799) slavery was unnecessary. The British public came to believe that slavery was morally wrong, economically inefficient, and politically unwise. Governments felt a growing pressure to close down the trade in slaves and ban slavery itself.

Feb 2

To make heavy payments, Haiti took out huge loans from German, French, and North American banks. Repaying those loans in 1915 cost 80 percent of the government’s revenue. Over 100 prominent people in 2010 signed an international petition that asked the French Government to repay about $17 billion. In 1772, the French intellectual Voltaire asked his dear philosopher, if this appears to be the century of revolutions. From early eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century, political and social upheaval was witnessed by many parts of the world. By the 1730s, the Safavid dynasty which ruled for several centuries in Persia had completely collapsed. Meanwhile the Wahabi movement, which took place in Arabia seriously threatened the Ottoman Empire, as well as Central Asia. Under Catherine the Great, the Russian Empire experienced some peasant uprisings, including one led by Pugachev in 1773 - 1774. “In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries” (Strayer, 782) China also hosted a number of unsuccessful rebellions. One of the major rebellions was the Taiping revolution of 1859 - 1864.

PS: This document was typed on Sunday, but the internet was down and I could not post my blog.

Jan 31

Reformation teachings and practices didn't offer women a greater role in church or society. The male Christ figure was left as the sole object of worship. Protestants and Catholics were not willing to offer women an official role within their churches. Women had little opportunity to use knowledge from the bible outside of the family. On August 24, 1572 about 3,000 Huguenots were massacred, and in weeks that followed, thousands more perished. During the Thirty Years' War, between 15 to 30 percent of the Germans perished. People were encouraged to read and interpret the scriptures individually and to seek salvation without being in the church. Vasco da Gama landed in India in 1948. His search was for Christians and spices.

Jan 28

Daniel Ajayi-Adeniran, a US missionary, represents a church which started in Nigeria in 1952. His church is called Redeemed Christian Church of God, and "it has acquired millions of members" (Strayer, 719). In other words, this church is so popular that millions of people have attended it. Christianity was mainly established in the Americas and Philippines. It was modestly established in Siberia, Japan, China, and India. A new and competing worldview that almost became a new religion was science. In time, science grew and achieved a global acceptance that exceeded Christianity or any other religion. As Christianity entered new cultural environments, it was largely determined how it would be accepted, transformed, or rejected by Africans, Asians, and Native Americans. "At the beginning of the early modern era," "Christianity was largely limited to Europe" (Strayer, 720). So as life began, Christianity mainly existed in Europe. By 1300, Muslims ousted Christian Crusaders from their land. The future of Muslim rule followed Islam rather than Christianity. For the previous 1,000 years, Roman Catholic Christianity had provided the foundation of Western European civilization. According to Martin Luther's understanding of salvation, it came through faith alone. The source of these beliefs, according to Luther came from the teaching of the Bible, "interpreted according to the individual's conscience" (Strayer, 722). This means that one's conscience is enough to tell oneself right from wrong.

The slave trade had a greater destabilizing effects in Kongo than in any where else in Africa. The Gold Coast's kingdom of Asante was "heavily invested in the slave trade" (Strayer, 707). This means that the kingdom of Asante had a lot of slavery happening in the region. The British no longer bought slaves from the kingdom of Asante in the early nineteenth century. The great king of England bought ivory, gold, and slaves a long time ago. Now, he will not allow the ships to come, so as a result, people are only buying gold and ivory. The king said that if the white men would understand his country, "they would not say the slave trade was bad" (Strayer, 708). Therefore, the white men would better appreciate the fact that there is a slave trade that exists, and would acknowledge it in a gracious manner. Although they think the slave trade is bad now, they originally thought it was good. Men who come from Manding, Dagomba, and Killinga stop and trade slaves prior to going home. 

Jan 26

At the trunk, the king was selling slaves for sale. The king's slaves were not to be refused, though they might have been the "worst slaves in the trunk" (Strayer 704). However, these slaves cost more than the others. The slaves were shaved before being sold, so any grey hair or white hair would not be visible, and age would be a difficult factor to determine. Cowries were the best goods used to purchase slaves. While an individual is buying slaves ashore, others on board are dying. European cattle, horses, and guns were encouraged to be imported by the royal family, who converted to Christianity.

January 25

Equiano was sold into a house where he was used as much as possible, and the family did the best they could to make sure he was comfortable. The first wife in the family reminded him of his mother, and the family spoke the same language as him. The next family Equiano was sold into would carry him on their backs or shoulders whenever he was tired. After being sold to a number of places, Equiano stopped at a town called Tinmah. Tinmah was the most beautiful country he had seen in Africa. Little white shells represented money. These shells were as small as fingernails. Equiano was sold for one hundred  hand seventy two shells. The treatment Equiano received at the merchant's house made him forget he was a slave. However, despite Equiano being able to find a home where he felt as if he belonged and was happy, he was then kidnapped and traveled "through different countries and various nations" (Strayer 702). Therefore, he was unable to stay with the family he felt most comfortable about. On the ship under the deck Equiano became so sick that he was unable to eat. For refusing to eat, Equiano was flogged severely.

Jan 25

At age 11 Equiano was sold into slavery. In 1766, Equiano was able to buy his freedom. At age 11, Equiano was kidnapped with his sister into the nearest wood. Equiano was put into a large sack.  Then, he and his sister were separated from each other. The house where Equiano was sold into, the family used him as much as possible.

Jan 24

Most slaves worked in the owners farms, households, or shops. For the vast majority of slaves, there was little hope of freedom. Sugar plantations consisted of slaves working. While exploring West Africa's coast, the Portuguese were mainly searching for gold. However, they also found slaves available for sale. Slaves were mainly found in Africa in terms of searching for labor. Africans had some immunity to the European diseases. Europeans had imagined Africans as an inferior race, or as not even human. Many people from African societies were willing to sell their slaves. Europeans died quickly when entering Africa because "they lacked immunities to common tropical diseases" (Strayer 690). This means that Europeans died for entering African territory.

Jan 23

Between 1500 and 1866, the Atlantic slave trade consisted of an estimated 12.5 million people living in African societies. 10.7 million Africans moved to the Americas, where they became slaves. During the transatlantic crossing, about 1.8 million Africans died.Europeans and Native Americans accumulated more African slaves from the slave trade happening in the Americas. The spread of Africans created issues of race that occur in the twenty-first century. African culture, including "religious ideas, musical and artistic traditions, and cuisine" (Strayer, 688) converted into American culture.  This means that religion, musical and artistic traditions, and food from Africa became part of the American lifestyle. The slave trade enriched European and Euro-American societies, with the forced labor of African slaves. The Atlantic slave trade represented the owning and exchange of individuals. Surprisingly, in many places slaves "could be assimilated into their owners' households, lineages, or communities" (Strayer, 688). This means that slaves had an ability to blend in with all other human beings. The Islams preferred to have twice the amount of female slaves than males, while the Atlantic slave trade preferred to have twice the amount of male slaves than female.

Jan 19

The Dutch were involved in producing cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace. The Dutch destroyed the crops of those who refused to sell only to the Dutch. Between 1624 and 1662, the Dutch East India Company hoped to produce for export deerskins, rice, and sugar. The Dutch monopoly excluded the British from the rich Spice Islands. The Dutch practiced "trade by warfare" in Indonesia. The Dutch and English traded pepper, textiles, tea, and coffee. In Japan a substantial Christian movement grew in the second half of the sixteenth century. Europeans were viewed as a threat to Japan's newly established unity. As a result, Japan suppressed the practice of Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries. Only the Dutch were permitted to trade with Japan at a single site. While closing off their country from European commerce, Japanese authorities kept their trading ties to Korea and China.

With naval technology and naval warfare, the Europeans were prepared. In order to control commerce, the Portuguese created a "trading post empire." Asian traders and married Asian women outnumbered the Portuguese. Portugal, this small European country, raised "Asian states such as Japan, Burma, Mughal India, Persia" (Strayer, 674). Therefore these countries expanded due to the existence of Portugal. The first country to challenge Portugal's position was Spain. The Spanish established themselves on the Philippine Islands. This region was first discovered by the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed on behalf of the Spanish Crown. At the end of the nineteenth century, the "United States assumed control following the Spanish-American War of 1898" (Strayer, 675). Male Spanish priests displaced women who played major roles as healers, midwives, and ritual specialists. By 1600, Manila, Philippines became a city with a population of 40,000 inhabitants. This city also attracted 3,000 Japanese and over 20,000 Chinese.

Jan 18

From 1497 - 1499, Vasco da Gama sailed to India for the first time. This happened as a result of a "Portuguese effort to explore a sea route to the East" (Strayer, 670). Thus the Eastern part of the world was explored for the first time. Tropical spices including cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and pepper were discovered and used in I believe Europe. In the early fourteenth century, the Black Death occurred in Europe. Europe's population grew in the fifteenth century. In order to buy Asian spices or textiles, Europeans had to pay gold or silver cash. Mexico and Brazil had rich silver deposits which provided a temporary solution to the European problem. Most of the people that were involved in the trade that took place were Muslims. This trade happened between "Africans, Arabs, Persians, Indians, Malays, Chinese, and others" (Strayer, 672). Therefore, a lot of those countries had Muslims as their citizens. Jews, Christians, Hindus, and Chinese also had a role in this trade. Europeans were unable to compete effectively because their "trade goods were crude and unattractive in Asian markets"(Strayer, 672 - 673).

Jan 16

It is surprising that drugs, products ingested, smoked, sniffed, or drunk were used in exchange and production. This means that people using drugs caused the success of broad exchanges between countries.  Global importance with sugar did not begin until the Muslim expansion after the seventh century. Interestingly, sugar grows in hot, moist areas. Labor must be happening all year round. Originally, sugar was not known in Europe. This means that the food in Europe was not as sweet and flavorful. Sugar eventually started occurring in Europe, as it grew in southern Spain and Portugal. Even African labor was used to produce sugar in the late 1400s. The demand of sugar created fortunes and misery. In the eighteenth century, sugar became used as a sweetener for beverages. Poor individuals spent money on sugared tea. One type of trade that occurred was between sugar and tobacco from the Americas to Europe. Rum was sent from New England to Africa. I remember when I was younger and visiting my aunt's house in Utah, she would always make or buy rum cake for the family. It is so delicious! The British preferred to feed their slaves, which I would imagine being the proper thing to do. However, the Portuguese expected the slaves provide their own sustenance from small plots given to them. The sugar cane was planted, weeded, and harvested by African slaves. Sugar cane had to be harvested year round in order to crush the juice from the cane. North America or Europe is where the final stage of manufacture for sugar took place. In 1715 sugar took place in British society and politics. The fact that the poor drank tea with sugar reminds me of the Boston Tea Party, when a bunch of tea was dumped into the water and wasted. America and Africa were both depopulated for the production of sugar and coffee.

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Kenny Silberberg

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Jan 15

While the western European powers were building up their colonial holdings, Russia saw new opportunities to expand eastward into SIberia. The Russians had to deal with Mongol domination for two centuries. Russia began first by conquering cities with Russian speaking populations, and then molding them into a unified Russian state. There were also other ethnic groups such as the Poles, Ukrainians, Germans, Belorussians, and Baltic Peoples that decided to move into these eastern territories. Mongols weren't the only people the Russians had to deal with in Siberia. There were several nomadic hunter gatherer peoples who offered little resistance to Russian expansion. Russians were motivated by the fur trade to move eastward, so they built fortified towns and trading areas to support these trade markets.

Jan 14

 

I think it is unfair how the Native Americans got diseases from the Europeans and died.  Also how the Africans were made slaves is completely unjust. Although their skin is a different color, they are still human beings and deserve to be treated as such. It is very interesting how a lot of the plants and animals came from the Americas. Thus in order to attain food, Europeans and Asians had to make trade with the Americans. According to the text book, "wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, and many garden vegetables and fruits, as well as numerous weeds, took hold in the Americas... even more revolutionary were their animals - horses, pigs, cattle, goats, sheep" (Strayer, 624). This just shows that there was a lot of food being imported to other countries from the Americas.

Pages 610-615: Indian women and Spanish men married to interbred ...

Pages 610-615: Indian women and Spanish men married to interbred ...: Indian women and Spanish men married to interbred babies. Dona Marina was a lady who had a brother and was sold early   on to slavery after ...Brazil and Portugal grew sugar canes and launched their business success in selling sugar.

Indian women and Spanish men married to interbred babies. Dona Marina was a lady who had a brother and was sold early on to slavery after her father died and her mother remarried. During her lifetime, she married twice. Her first husband was Hernan Cortes. Dona Marina's Spanish name was La Malinche.

While reading these five pages, I realized that there is more substance to modern societies. The "gunpowder revolution" occurred, causing various European powers to find new domains in the Americas. Europeans had a limited political and military power in mainland Asia and Africa.